Part 2 Book 7 Chapter 2 The Convent as an Historical Fact
From the point of view of history, of reason, and of truth, monasticism is condemned. Monasteries, when they abound in a nation, are clogs in its circulation, cumbrous establishments, centres of idleness where centres of labor should exist. Monastic communities are to the great social community what the mistletoe is to the oak, what the wart is to the human body. Their prosperity and their fatness mean the impoverishment of the country. The monastic regime, good at the beginning of civilization, useful in the reduction of the brutal by the spiritual, is bad when peoples have reached their manhood. Moreover, when it becomes relaxed, and when it enters into its period of disorder, it becomes bad for the very reasons which rendered it salutary in its period of purity, because it still continues to set the example.
Claustration has had its day. Cloisters, useful in the early education of modern civilization, have embarrassed its growth, and are injurious to its development. So far as institution and formation with relation to man are concerned, monasteries, which were good in the tenth century, questionable in the fifteenth, are detestable in the nineteenth. The leprosy of monasticism has gnawed nearly to a skeleton two wonderful nations, Italy and Spain; the one the light, the other the splendor of Europe for centuries; and, at the present day, these two illustrious peoples are but just bclised with a lid of granite like a tomb, with this difference, that the dead man here was a living being, that soil which is but mud, that vault hole, those oozing walls,-- what declaimers!
从历史、理性和真理的角度出发,僧侣制度是该受谴责的。
修院在一个国家,如果发展过多,它便成了行动的累赘,绊脚的机构,它应是劳动的中心却成为懒惰的中心。修道团体,对广大的人类社会来说,正如檞树上的寄生物,人体上的瘤。它们的兴盛和肥壮正是地方的贫瘠。僧侣制度对早期的文化是有好处的,在精神方面它可以减少强暴的习气,但到了人民精力饱满时它却是有害的。而且当它已衰败时,当它已进入腐化时,正如层出不穷的事例所表现的那样,所有一切在它纯洁时期使它成为有益的因素,都变成使它成为有害的因素。
修院制度已经完成了它的历史使命。修院对现代文化的初步形成是有用处的,可是也会妨碍它的成长,更能毒害它的发展。从组织和教育人的方式着眼,修院在十世纪是好的,在十五世纪开始有了问题,到十九世纪却已令人厌恶。意大利和西班牙在多少世纪中,一个是欧洲的光辉,一个是欧洲的异彩,僧侣制度这一麻疯病侵入那两个灿烂的国家的骨髓后,到我们这时代,那两个出类拔萃的民族只是在一七八九年那次健康而有力的治疗中才开始康复。
修院,尤其是古代的女修院,正如本世纪初还继续在意大利、奥地利、西班牙存在,确是一种最悲惨的中世纪的体现。修院,这种修院,是各种恐怖的集中点。地道的天主教修院是完全充满了死亡的黑光的。
西班牙的修院最是阴惨,在那里,有一座座大得象教堂高得象宝塔那样的祭台伸向昏暗的高处,烟云迷漫的圆拱,黑影重重的穹窿;在那里,黑暗中一条条铁链挂着无数白色的又高又大的耶稣受难像;在那里,有魁伟裸体的基督,一个个都用象牙雕成,陈列在乌木架上;那些像,不仅是血淋淋的,而且是血肉模糊的,既丑恶,又富丽,肘端露出白骨,髌骨露着外皮,伤口有血肉,戴一顶白银荆棘冠,用金钉钉在十字架上,额上有一串串用红宝石雕琢的血珠,眼里有金刚钻制成的泪珠。金刚钻和红宝石都好象是湿润的,一些妇女戴着面纱,腰肢被毡毛内衣和铁针制成的鞭子扎得遍体鳞伤,双乳被柳条网紧紧束住,膝头因祈祷而皮破血流,伏在雕像下的黑暗中哭泣,那是些以神妻自居的凡妇,以天女自居的幽灵。那些妇女在想什么吗?没有。有所求吗?没有。有所爱吗?没有。是活的吗?不是。她们的神经已成骨头,她们的骨头已成瓦石。她们的面纱是夜神织的。她们面纱下的呼吸好象是死人那种无以名之的悲惨气息。修院的女院长,恶鬼一个,在圣化她们,吓唬她们。圣洁之主在她们之上,冷冰冰的。那便是西班牙古老修院的面貌。残忍的苦行窟,处女们的火坑,蛮不讲理的地方。
信奉天主教的西班牙,和罗马相比实有过之而无不及。西班牙修院是天主教修院的典型。它具有东方情趣。大主教,天国的宦官头目,他重重封锁,密切注视着为上帝留下的后宫。修女是宫嫔,神甫是太监。怨慕深切的信女们常在梦中被选,并受基督的宠幸。夜里,那赤裸裸的美少年从十字架上下来,于是静室里意狂心醉。重重高墙使那个把十字架上人当作苏丹的苏丹妃子幽禁起来,不许她得到一点点人生乐趣。朝墙外望一眼也算不守清规。“地下室”代替革囊。东方抛到海里去的,西方丢在坑里。东西两地的妇女都一样扼腕呼天,一方面是波涛,一方面是黄土,这里水淹,那边土掩,无独有偶,惨绝人寰。
到今天,厚古的人们,在无法否认那些事的情况下,便决计以一笑了之,并且还盛行一种奇特而方便的办法,用来抹杀历史的揭示,歪曲哲学的批判,掩饰一切恼人的事实和暖昧问题。灵活的人说:“这是提供花言巧语的好题材。”笨伯跟着说:“这是花言巧语。”于是卢梭是花言巧语的人,伏尔泰在卡拉斯,拉巴尔①和西尔旺②的问题上也成了花言巧语的人。不知道是谁,最近还有所发明,说塔西佗是个花言巧语的人,而尼禄③则是被中伤,并且毫无疑问,我们应当同情“那位可怜的奥勒非④”。
①拉巴尔(Labarre),十八世纪法国的世家子,因折断了一个耶稣受难像被判处斩首,又被焚尸。伏尔泰曾替他申诉,无效。
②西尔旺(Sirven),十八世纪法国新教徒,因不许其女信天主教,想迫害她,被判处死刑。伏尔泰代为申诉,死后五年,追判无罪。
③尼禄(Néron),一世纪罗马帝国暴君。
④奥勒非(Holopherne),公世前六世纪新巴比伦王国的大将,在进犯犹太时被一个犹太美女所诱杀。
事实并不是能轻易击退的,它不动摇。本书的作者曾到过离布鲁塞尔八法里的维莱修道院,那是摆在大家眼前的中世纪的缩影,曾亲眼见过旷野中那个古修院遗址上的土牢洞,又在迪尔河旁,亲眼见过四个一半在地下一半在水下的石砌地牢。那就是所谓“地下室”。每一个那样的地牢都还留下了一扇铁门、一个粪坑和一个装了铁条的通风洞,那洞,在墙外高出河面两尺,在墙内离地却有六尺。四尺深的河水在墙外边流过。地是终年潮湿的。住在“地下室”里的人便以那湿土为卧榻。在那些地牢中,有一个还留下一段固定在石壁里的颈镣的一段;在另外一个地牢里,可以看到一种用四块花岗石砌成的四方匣子,长不够一个人躺下,高也不够一个人直立。当年却有人把一个活生生的人安置在那里,上面再盖上一块石板。那是实实在在的。大家都看得见,大家都摸得到的。那些“地下室”,那些地牢,那些铁门斗,那些颈镣,那种开得老高、却有河水齐着洞口流过的通风洞,那种带花岗石盖子的石板匣子,象不埋死人单埋活人的坟墓,那种泥泞的地面,那种粪坑,那种浸水的墙壁,难道这些东西也能花言巧语!
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